Sunday, October 4, 2026

Civilization Jihad, Terrorism, and Islamic Social Norms in the News October 2, 2026

 


USA vs Iran

https://www.dailymail.com/news/article-16167005/Irans-Supreme-Leader-says-US-forced-leave-Middle-East-suffering-painful-blows-new-statement.html 

The Daily Mail reported that Iran's supreme leader Mojtaba Khamenei said on Monday, 9/28 that the US would be forced to leave the Middle East after suffering 'painful blows', according to a statement carried by Iranian state television. This was stated despite Khamenei, having not been seen in public since the start of the Middle East war in late February, and the world wondering if he is even alive.

 

According to Iran’s state TV, Mojtaba Khamenei said, 'Today, having suffered painful blows at the hands of valiant fighters and the guardians of the Strait of Hormuz, they (the enemies) do not venture beyond the Arabian Sea.'

 

USA

https://www.yahoo.com/news/politics/articles/muslim-americans-push-back-republican-110056756.html 

Associated Press reported that some of the loudest cheers for Sen. Ted Cruz at the Republicans' recent midterm convention in Dallas came after the Texas politician targeted Muslim Americans and their faith's religious code.

"Sharia law has no place in America," said Cruz. "We need to stand together and stop it now." Texas Gov. Greg Abbott chimed in moments later, vowing to "fully ban Sharia law in Texas."

Among the most energetic of Sharia's defenders is Illinois-based Sabeel Ahmed, director of an outreach project called GainPeace. He travels widely around the U.S., with a recent focus on Texas, speaking at mosque-sponsored workshops and open houses.

"Sharia is often misunderstood," Ahmed posted on Instagram after a midsummer visit to Plano, Texas. "Many people think Sharia is only about punishments, but in Islam it is Allah's guidance for living with faith, justice, mercy, and responsibility."

Asma Uddin, a professor at Michigan State University's College of Law, has argued in her writings that many American politicians are depicting ordinary Muslim religious practices — such as prayer, choice of apparel, family counseling and mosque attendance — as evidence of a political danger.

Sabeel Ahmed, who has made three outreach trips to Texas so far this year, plans a trip to Houston in a few weeks for another mosque open-house. He's also working on a book to be mailed to Christian clergy across the U.S., seeking to broaden their understanding of Sharia and other Islamic practices. Ahmed said, "Islam is not to be feared….” People should meet a Muslim, go to the mosque, reach out to us. Let's emphasize the commonalities we have."

 

https://religionnews.com/2026/09/22/major-american-muslim-charity-rebrands-after-congressional-pressure/ 

Religion News Service reported that Islamic Relief USA, which claims to be a humanitarian organization with a $150 million annual budget, rebranded itself as the Islamic Development and Empowerment in America, changing their anacronym to IDEA, after members of Congress threatened to have its tax-exempt status revoked.

The dispute between four major Islamic charities — all of which had been independent partners under the Islamic Relief umbrella — came after members of the House Ways and Means Committee called on the IRS to revoke the tax-exempt status of Islamic Relief USA, Jewish Voice for Peace, American Muslims for Palestine and the Tides Foundation. They alleged that the groups have links to designated foreign terrorist groups and were “sowing chaos” in their support for pro-Palestinian protests.

Islamic Relief is part of ISNA. Will the others change their names.


CANADA

https://www.rebelnews.com/two_men_charged_with_kidnapping_a_15_year_old_after_being_intercepted_by_cbsa_trying_to_sneak_back_into_canada 

On September 23rd Rebel News reported that Sault Ste. Marie Police say two men are facing kidnapping charges after Canada Border Services Agency officers caught them attempting to cross back into Canada with a 15-year-old they had refused to let go.

Police say 40-year-old Sahan Alam of Sault Ste. Marie and 29-year-old Hasan Al-Mamun of Sudbury were arrested on September 19 after CBSA officers noticed the teenager in their vehicle and flagged it as a suspected kidnapping. Officers were called to the border crossing just after 10:15 p.m. and took both men into custody.

According to police, the two men picked up the teen earlier that day and would not allow the teen to leave the vehicle. While allegedly attempting to drive the teen to a hotel, the pair made a wrong turn onto the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge putting them on a direct path toward the U.S. border, where CBSA officers intercepted them as they tried to re-enter Canada. Police confirm neither man is well known to the victim.

Both Alam and Al-Mamun have been charged with kidnapping and are being held in custody pending a bail hearing.

 

Quebec man, 24, charged in alleged ISIS-inspired chemical weapon plot - Rebel News 

Rebel News reported that Louay Angoud,  (24) is facing multiple terrorism-related charges after RCMP arrested him in Montreal on allegations he was planning an attack on behalf of ISIS.

Police allege Louay Angoud gathered information on how to build a chemical weapon that could be used to poison Canadians. The RCMP says there is no indication an attack was imminent, but investigators believe he had the knowledge to carry one out. He remains in custody and is scheduled for a bail hearing next week, according to the CBC. None of the allegations have been proven in court.

Police believe at least one possible accomplice may still be at large in the Montreal area.

Angoud’s landlord said Angoud's family came from Tunisia and later returned there, leaving him in Canada as a minor. He said Angoud attended a Quebec City mosque, became increasingly religious, and more recently spent much of his time in Montreal.

The landlord said Angoud was seeking to regularize his immigration status with the help of a lawyer, had twice been stopped for driving without a licence, and had told him he did not work on September 11 because he marked the anniversary of the 2001 attacks as a celebration.

 

UK

https://nypost.com/2026/09/28/world-news/alleged-terror-plot-at-us-air-base-in-uk-takes-bizarre-twist-as-suspects-are-released-on-bail/ https://www.dailymail.com/news/article-16166889/Five-British-men-London-arrested-RAF-terror-bomb-plot-released-bail-Iran-categorically-rejects-involvement.html 

The Daily Mail shared that a farmer reported that 10 men were observed in vans near the RAF base where US forces has launched attacks against Iran. Only five men were caught, and arrested under the Explosives Act and then on Terrorism charges. Three are from the London borough of Westminster, one is from Camden and the fifth is from Willesden in Brent.

The initial arrest resulted in forced evacuation of the local residents out of concerns they may have explosives. When no explosives were found, law enforcement in the UK allowed the 5 to go free on bail with conditions. President Trump has expressed his displeasure and hinted that those caught were known to the police.

 

https://www.yahoo.com/news/us/articles/rapist-thought-immune-consequences-143337375.html 

BBC News reported that Kamljit Sahota, 48 has been jailed after admitting to the rape and forced control of a woman in Stafford. Sahota initially denied the offences but changed his plea after evidence from the woman was presented in court.

Staffordshire Police said the offences took place between July and October 2025, with the rapist believing he would be "immune from the consequences". Sahota, from Cannock, was jailed for 10 years and two months. Alongside his prison sentence, he was ordered to check in with police indefinitely after his release and made subject to an ongoing restraining order, as well as being ordered to pay a surcharge of 228 pounds.

 

https://www.yahoo.com/news/us/articles/ten-jailed-130-years-mother-184909718.html 

BBC News reported that 10 men have been jailed for a combined 130 years after a mother was set on fire in a revenge attack that also seriously injured a teenage girl.

To escape the flames on the night of 16 December 2021, both victims were forced to jump from an upstairs window they had smashed.

Seven men played varying roles in the attack. The investigation revealed that the intended victim was Naveed Hussain, who was the woman’s ex, and he visited the two periodically. Naveed had attacked those that used the petrol bomb before they firebombed the house as revenge.

The convictions of the 10 men involved came after an 11-week trial at Nottingham Crown Court, which ended in February, alongside a number of guilty pleas entered before the trial began.

Those sentenced over the incident were:

  • Shakil Uddin, 23, was sentenced to 34 years in prison.
  • Ali Abbas, 23, of was sentenced to 25 years in prison.
  • Haris Mahmood, 22, was sentenced to 24 years and nine months.
  • Riyadh Iqbal, 23, was sentenced to 12 years and six months.
  • Lukman Khan, 25, to 12 years and six months.
  • Muhammad Sufyaan Shah, 25, to 11 years and six months.
  • Tayyeb Majeed, 24, to 10 years and six months.
  • Kashif Ahmed, 26, was sentenced to 48 weeks.
  • Naveed Hussain, 32, was sentenced to 22 months suspended for 18 months.
  • Bilal Ahmed, 27, was sentenced to 15 months in prison, suspended for 18 months, as well as 100 hours of unpaid work.

https://www.gbnews.com/news/hamas-bodyguard-asylum-citizenship-uk-terror-attack 

GB News reported that a former Hamas bodyguard was given asylum and citizenship in the UK before "plotting" a terrorist attack against Jews in Europe. The bodyguard, who cannot be named for legal reasons, served as protection for Hamas leader, Ismail Haniyeh, before heading to the UK more than 10 years ago. He was given refugee status, with it being public knowledge he had worked for terrorist leader Haniyeh, who had been apprehended in Egypt for operating an arms and gold smuggling tunnel into Gaza.

The Hamas bodyguard, after being given sanctuary, worked as an IT consultant in the suburbs of a large English city, operating under deep cover.

Changing his name more than once, the married father in his forties, was not thought to have been a significant person of interest within the British security services, despite making connections with Hamas operatives in Europe.

He faces extradition to Germany this week, where he is accused of leading a plot to attack Jewish community centres, pro-Israel demonstrations and Israeli diplomats last October. The terrorist planned the attack on the anniversary of the October 7 massacre.

Mossad and Germany's security and intelligence services learnt of the plot, notifying the National Crime Agency who arrested the former bodyguard in central London last November. 


BELGIUM            

https://www.jns.org/news/world/belgian-intel-chief-tehran-behind-attacks-on-jewish-sites-in-liege-antwerp 

Jewish News Syndicate reported the head of Belgium’s Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis (CUTA) said that Iran was behind a bombing outside a synagogue in Liège and an arson attack in Antwerp’s Jewish quarter in March.

Gert Vercauteren told RTBF last Thursday that the perpetrators “certainly” acted on Tehran’s orders. He said the attacks on Jewish sites were part of a coordinated campaign, rather than isolated incidents.

Because we did not report on this before, here is what happened, a explosive device was set off outside the Synagogue de Liège shortly before 4 a.m. on March 9. That same week, a car was torched in Antwerp‘s Jewish quarter. No one was hurt in either attack.

The Belgian attacks coincided with a string of plots in the Netherlands, including a foiled bombing of a synagogue in Heemstede, a small town roughly 12 miles west of Amsterdam. A main suspect in the terror network was recently arrested in Turkey. Belgian security services have recorded no attacks since.

Israeli Ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg David Saranga called on European nations to change their policies toward Iran “to reflect the threat Tehran poses on Europe’s own streets. In another post on X Ambassador Saranga said sarcastically, “I’m surprised. Iran directing terror attacks against Jewish sites in Belgium? Who could have imagined.”

 

GERMANY

https://rmx.news/germany/germany-turkish-national-went-from-working-in-supermarket-to-buying-purple-lamborghini-and-gold-watches-through-e11-million-healthcare-fraud-scheme/ 

Remix News reported that German authorities have frozen €5.9 million ($6.5 million) in assets of an operator of a fast-growing intensive-care nursing service. She is now in custody over allegations that the company billed public health insurers for services that were never fully rendered or were performed by unqualified staff, causing an estimated €11 million in damage.

Zeynep C., 39, a Turkish national who rose from supermarket work to run White Angels Intensive Care, was arrested Sept. 17 during coordinated raids. The case is making major headlines, due to the luxury lifestyle she was living.

Her 44-year-old German husband was also detained. Both remain in pretrial custody. Thirteen people ages 20 to 54 — of Turkish, Moroccan, Egyptian and German nationality, some with dual citizenship — are also under investigation.

Seized items included several luxury vehicles registered as company cars — a Maybach, Mercedes-AMG models and a purple Lamborghini — plus €51,000 in cash, jewelry valued at €265,000, gold worth about €10,000, designer handbags and watches totaling more than €150,000 and Mortgages of properties totaling €3.3 million.


SWEDEN

https://samnytt.se/mahmud-valdtog-tonarsflicka-i-kopcentrum-slipper-fangelse 

Samnytt reported that It was on January 13th of this year that 15-year-old Fadal Abbas Mahmud Mali had arranged to meet a 15-year-old girl to walk around town. They later met up with a third man and went together to the local shopping center where Fadal sexually assaulted the girl. Security guards interrupted the assault and Fadal attempted to flee but failed.

Because it was stated that he has an intellectual disability and he is 15 Fadal will likely only receive a sentence of 6 months of youth probation.


https://samnytt.se/terrorforskaren-varnar-svenska-kyrkan-legitimerar-islamism 

Samnytt reported that Magnus Norell a political scientist, author and one of Sweden's most prominent researchers on Islamic movements in the Middle East and Europe, with particular focus on the Muslim Brotherhood, jihadist environments, has found a connection with the Church of Sweden continuing its collaboration with Islamic Relief.

Last year the Swedish government donated 1.4 billion kronor to Islamic Relief Sweden. That was ended in early 2026 due to its connections with the Muslim Brotherhood and thus Hamas.

At the same time, the Church of Sweden chooses to continue its relationship with Islamic Relief Sweden. Collaboration and religious dialogue continue in joint contexts that include Islamic Relief, despite the state's withdrawal.

 

NETHERLANDS

https://rmx.news/article/the-netherlands-also-has-islamic-grooming-gangs-10-men-gang-raped-and-beat-18-year-old-girl-mostly-syrians-arrested/ 

Remix News reported that an 18-year-old woman was gang raped and beaten, many of them with a Syrian background, in the Dutch city of Dordrecht. Although the rape occurred in May 2025, the suspects are only now being arrested. In response to the rape, political leader Geert Wilders wrote that the Netherlands also has Islamic grooming gangs and called for all the perpetrators to be removed from the country along with their families.

Six suspects out of ten have now been arrested, who range in ages from 20 to 23. The girl, was likely targeted because she lived at a group home. Police say the woman was humiliated and beaten. 

“A bruise on the cheek, a tooth through the lip and a swelling on the knee,” described one source.

 

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

https://nypost.com/2026/09/30/world-news/israel-confirms-pilot-arrested-for-attempting-to-crash-plane-in-jihadist-terrorist-attack/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/sep/30/israel-bound-passenger-plane-emergency-landing-saudi-arabia-pilots-feud 

Hot news today! On Tuesday, the Co-pilot from Oman, of a flydubai  Boeing 737 stabbed the Pilot of a plane flying from the United Arab Emirates to Israel and  the packed passenger plane in “a jihadist terrorist attack,” said Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu.

The plane was forced to make an emergency landing at Tabuk Airport in Saudi Arabia, with the two pilots wounded,  but with the 174 passengers safe.

 Defense Minister Israel Katz said, “According to the initial information in our possession, the terrorist had one intention: to crash the plane with all its passengers.”

Katz credited the fearless passengers on board for subduing the alleged attacker and saving the lives of the passengers, which included 27 children.

Katz also stated “The grave incident on the flydubai plane was a jihadist terrorist attack attempt, which was thwarted only thanks to the bravery of several Israeli passengers who broke into the cockpit, overpowered the terrorist and, with their own hands, restored control of the plane to another flight crew who was present there.”

 

AUSTRALIA

Pauline Hanson demands federal powers to close extremist mosques after Melbourne preacher's call to "take up arms" - Rebel News 

In a media release posted to X on Monday, under the headline "Labor's inaction is enabling radical Islamic terrorism", the One Nation leader accused the Australian Government of looking the other way on terrorist recruitment and advocacy. "The first duty of government is to protect Australians. Labor is failing at this duty," Senator Hanson said.

Her statement came hours after news reports on a preacher known as Abu Ahmad, described as "a young and increasingly popular imam from Melbourne's southeast". He preaches through the Al Bayyinah Islamic Centre, founded at Springvale in 2024, which has reportedly had the backing of Sydney imam Wissam Haddad. They both encourage violence and are creative in how they endorse jihad.


Friday, September 25, 2026

Sheik Keller's Reliance of the Traveller Tells Us Little About the Sahaba (Companions) by Design


Reliance of the Traveler

Arabic

Arabic Translation

Word for Word

b3.0 THE PRACTICE OF THE PROPHETIC COMPANIONS (SAHABA)

 

b3.1 (Muhammad Sa'id Buti:) A second aspect is the consensus of scholars that the Companions of the Prophet (Ar. Sahaba, anyone who personally met the Prophet (Allah bless him and him peace) and died while believing in Islam) were at various levels of knowledge in religion; not all of them were capable of giving formal legal opinion (fatwa), as Ibn Khaldun has noted, nor was the religion taken from all of them.





b3.0 The Path of the Companions

May Allah be pleased with them

 

b3.1 Muhammad Saeed al-Buti: The second aspect is what the consensus indicates, that the companions of the Messenger of Allah, (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), varied in their knowledge, and not all of them were experts in various fields, as Ibn Khaldun said - nor was religion taken from all of them.

 

Before we talk about the Sahaba, the Companions we need to define what a companion is to better under literally means companions, but in Islamic tradition, it refers specifically to those who were close to Prophet Muhammad, learned from him, and carried forward his teachings.

According to the Seekers Pathway, Sahaba, “literally means companions, but in Islamic tradition, it refers specifically to those who were close to Prophet Muhammad, learned from him, and carried forward his teachings. They were not only his friends and supporters but also guardians of the faith, transmitters of the Qur’an and Sunnah, warriors of Islam, and leaders after his death.”[1] It should be said, that many Islamic sites have differing and contradictory answers to the definition of Companion [sahaba]. Some insist there were around 12,000 companions [sahaba]. While others place the number in the 50s or lower.  Note that Seekers Pathway’s definition here excludes acquaintances, who would be people you meet rarely and barely interact with.

Asking people what they think the word companion means provides interesting responses that come with wisdom. “A companion can be a friend, but a friend is higher on the relationship chart.”

If we accept the definition given by Seeker’s Pathway, it appears to state that the not all of the companions of Muhammad are to be taken as experts on Islam. Yet, they are experts in differing things. It also appears that their differences would rarely result in a consensus. This probable lack of consensus sounds like it would create major issues in Islam. This lack of consensus of the companions of Muhammad might be the foundation for the lack of consensus by the established Islamic scholars like ibn Abbas and ibn Kathir.

The last phrase, “nor was religion taken from all of them,” appears to communicate that some if not most of the companions of Muhammad may have left Islam. A very interesting statement for the beginning of shariah. Simple research reveals that yes indeed some of Muhammad’s closest followers did indeed leave Islam.

            Taha Jabir Alalalwani wrote of even more of Muhamad’s companions leaving him after he shared the Night Journey story. He wrote that

… the majority of historians and scholars of the Prophet’s biography mention that some of the people who had earlier embraced Islam committed apostasy after the messenger spoke of what had happened to him on the night he was taken on his miraculous journey from Makah to Jerusalem. Among those who mention this are Ibn Hisham who, in his biography of the Prophet, quotes Ibn Ishaq on the authority of al-Hassan who, in his hadith concerning the Prophet’s night journey, states, “most of the people said, ‘That can’t possibly be true. It takes one of our caravans an entire month to get from Makkah to Damascus, and another month for it to get back! So can Muhammad make the same journey and return to Makkah in a single night?’ And many of those who had embraced Islam turned away from the faith.”[2] However he does not name or specify the number of those who apostatized.[3]

Ubayd Allah ibn Jahsh ibn Ri'ab was one of those who went to Abyssinia to escape the persecution of the Meccans against Muhammad’s followers. Ubayd is said to be a first cousin to Muhammad in Ibn Ishaq’s Life of Muhammad (Sirat al Rasul), and a nephew to Muhammad’s wife Hamza (Sirat al Rasul). When he and his wife arrived in Abyssinia, they rejected Muhammad’s teaching and followed Christ. Dr. Taha Jabir Al-Alwani recorded in his book, Apostasy in Islam, that he and his wife became evangelists to Muhammad’s followers.

Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, was an early convert to Islam. He became one of Muhammad’s scribes. But he rejected Muhammad’s claim of divine revelations while he was a scribe, because he made many suggestions about the wording of claimed revelations and Muhammad easily accepted these changes. This includes “So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators!” 23:14. According to Islamic histories Abi Sarh left Islam and eventually moved back to Mecca. This made him a threat to Muhammad and his divine revelations that would become the Qur’an. Simply put, if the word of Allah had been allowed to be edited by any man after “it was revealed to Muhammad, the credibility of the Qur'an was also a threat to Muhammad's credibility. No real prophet would allow the word of God to be changed. [4] On the day Islamic histories record Muhammad entering Mecca. Muhammad ordered the murder of 10 people living in Mecca. Muhammad said "God forbid killing in Mecca, except for this one day." Abi Sarh was one of the people Muhammad ordered to be murdered. His crime? He had left Islam because Muhammad’s claimed revelations from Allah could be easily edited. Muhammad understood this and believed Abi Sarh constituted a threat to the credibility of the Qur'an and his prophethood.

Sunan an-Nasa’I 4067 records this order from Muhammad:

On the day of the Conquest of Makkah, the Messenger of Allah granted amnesty to the people, except four men and two women. He said: 'Kill them, even if you find them clinging to the covers of Ka'bah.' (They were) 'Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl, 'Abdullah bin Khatal, Miqyas bin Subabah and 'Abdullah bin Sa'd bin Abi As-Sarh. 'Abdullah bin Khatl was caught while he was clinging to the covers of Ka'bah. Sa'eed bin Huraith and 'Ammar bin Yasir both rushed toward him, but Sa'eed, who was the younger of the two, got there before 'Ammar, and he killed him. Miqyas bin Subabah was caught by the people in the marketplace, and they killed him. 'Ikrimah traveled by sea, and he was caught in a storm. The crew of the ship said: 'Turn sincerely toward Allah, for your (false) gods cannot help you at all in this situation.' 'Ikrimah said: 'By Allah, if nothing came to save me at sea except sincerity toward Allah then nothing else will save me on land. O Allah, I promise You that if You save me from this predicament I will go to Muhammad [SAW] and put my hand in his, and I am sure that I will find him generous and forgiving.' So he came, and accepted Islam. 'Abdullah (bin Sa'd) bin Abi Sarh hid in the house of 'Uthman bin 'Affan, and when the Messenger of Allah called the people to give their Oath of Allegiance, he brought him, and made him stand before the Prophet. He ('Uthman) said: 'O Messenger of Allah! Accept the allegiance of 'Abdullah.' He raised his head and looked at him three times, refusing his allegiance each time, then he accepted his allegiance after three times. Then he turned to his Companions and said: 'Was there not any sensible man among you who would get up when he saw me refusing to give him my hand and kill him?' They said: 'We did not know, O Messenger of Allah, what was in your heart. Why did you not gesture to us with your eyes?' He said: 'It is not befitting for a Prophet that his eyes be deceitful.'"[5]

 

Reliance of the Traveler

Arabic

Arabic Translation

Word for Word

b3.2 Rather, there were those of them capable of legal opinion and ijtihad, and these were a small minority in relation to the rest, and there were those of them who sought legal opinion and followed others therein, and these were the vast majority of them. (n: Suyuti, in Tadrib al-rawi, quotes Ibn Hazm's report that most of the Companions' legal opinions came from only seven of them: 'Umar, 'Ali, Ibn Mas'ud, Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, Zayd ibn Thabit, and 'A'isha; and this was from thousands of the Companions (Tadrib al·raHJi fi shar:.h Taqrib al-Nawawi (yl09), 2.219).)

 

b3.2 Rather, among them were the mujtahid mufti, and they were the few compared to the rest, and among them were the mustafti the muqallid, and  these are the large majority among them. (T: Al-Suyuti quoted in Tadrib al-Rawi on the authority of Ibn Hazm that most

of the fatwas (decrees) of the Companions were issued by seven: Umar and Ali, Ibn Mas'ud, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas and Zayd ibn Thabit and Aisha. And that is from thousands of the Companions. Tadrib al-Rawi: 2/219).

 

Definitions matter. Rekhta Dictionary[6] was used to provide the define the words below.

Mufti a “Muslim priest or law-giver, an expounder of Muslim law, judge, magistrate.”

Mustafati is “one who consults a mufti, one who demands a fatwa.”

Mujtahid is an “authority, reformer, religious scholar recognized as competent to interpret, derive and frame religious laws or rules.”

Muqallid the imitating mufti, “a follower, a disciple.”

            In the previous law, we discussed the definition of the term companion. Seekers Pathway of the word companion limit the term to those close to Muhammad not mere acquaintances. But shariah here contradicts this by claiming that Muhammad had thousands of companions. Sahih Muslim 1856 denies this claim by stating “we were 1,500.”[7] There are hadiths that state the best number of companions is four (Sunan Ibn Majah 2827,[8] Riyad as-Salihin 961,[9] Sunan Abi Dawud 2611[10]). This vast difference in number poses a question. Why is it important to the person(s) who wrote shariah that Muhammad had a large number of companions after naming the seven?

            Sunnis accept Aisha’s hadiths. However, women are not allowed under shariah to give testimony without a second woman present, or a man who also was a witness. This appears contradictory.

 

Reliance of the Traveler

Arabic

Arabic Translation

Word for Word

b3.3 Nor did the individual Companion giving a legal opinion necessarily mention the evidence for it to the person who had asked about it. AI Amidi notes in his book al-lhkam: "As for scholarly consensus [ijma', dis: b7.2], it is that ordinary people in the times of the Companions and those who immediately followed them, before there were dissenters, used to seek the opinion of mujtahids and would follow them in rules of Sacred Law. "The learned among them would unhesitatingly answer their questions without alluding to mention of evidence. No one censured them for doing this; a fact that establishes scholarly consensus on the absolute permissibility of the ordinary person following one capable of ijtihad."

 

b3.3 The mufti  among the Companions was not obligated to explain the evidence for the questioner along with the ruling.

 Al-Amidi said in his book Al-Ihkam: As for the consensus, it is that the common people in the time of the Companions and the Successors, before the emergence of dissenting groups, used to seek legal opinions from the mujtahids. And they would follow them in matters of Islamic law [shariah], and the scholars among them would hasten to answer their questions without mentioning the evidence, and they would not forbid them from doing so out of arrogance. Thus, there was a consensus on the permissibility of the common person following the mujtahid in all matters.

             In Arabic it states “the mufti  among the Companions.” Who is the mufti? Why is this not defined? We know the names of Muhammad’s closest followers. So who could be defined as the Mufti after Muhammad died? This likely was the Caliph of the time, which would allow each of the first four caliphs to claim the position of Mufti mentioned here.

Shariah here attempts to define the word consensus. In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary it means a “general agreement (as of opinion or fact) among a group of people or things.”[11] In Arabic the word is Ijma (إجماع). Shariah is based partially on consensus of scholars. But the definition of consensus here is that people follow the answers they are given and it does not mean that scholars agree. This is important to grasp, because moving forward we will find the term consensus used, and must return to their “definition” for true understanding of shariah.

            Is this evidence that scholars often disagree more than they agree? This actually provides a reason for Muslims not to trust what is written in shariah, it claims it is correct because people follow it. This is circular logic. It is fallacious reasoning. This by itself establishes a clear reason not to have any trust in Islamic law. The writers of shariah believe they are great because people believe them. This does not give any reason to trust the judgement of these men.

 

Reliance of the Traveler

Arabic

Arabic Translation

Word for Word

b3.4 The Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) used to dispatch the most knowledge able of the Companions to places whose inhabitants knew nothing more of Islam than its five pillars. The latter would follow the person sent to them in everything he gave his judgement upon and had them do, of works, acts of worship, dealing with one another. and all matters of the lawful and unlawful. Sometimes such a person would come across a question on which he could find no evidence in the Koran or sunna, and he would use his own personal legal reasoning and furnish them an answer in light of it, and they would follow him therein.

 





 

b3.4 The Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) used to send a learned companion to a place whose inhabitants knew nothing of Islam except its creed and belief in its pillars, so that they would follow him in all the rulings he gave them and the acts and worship he prescribed for them

 

 

In RofT Keller’s translation states there are five pillars in b3.4, while the Arabic word for word has no number assigned to the pillars. Why did Keller give the number five if there is no number? Could the terrorists who have been recorded making claims that there are more than five pillars be correct?[12]  

In the early age of Islam, the belief structure of Muhammad was being revealed by revelations over decades. They could not be sure of anything since things were put into rote memorization, but even that is questionable since Muhammad was not requiring exactness on the recitations of these revelations. This would mean that there could be someone close to Muhammad who may know him and his thoughts who would be sent to guide a group.

But b3.4 poses a much larger problem for Islam. t essentially states that scholar/leaders of Islam can make rulings based on their own whims without citing anything considered Islamic scripture. But of more concern is that shariah demands these rulings be accepted by the followers.

 

Reliance of the Traveler

Arabic

Arabic Translation

Word for Word

b3.5 As for the era of those who came after them (AT. tabi'in, those who had personally learned from one or more of the Companions but not the Prophet himself (Allah bless him and give him peace), the scope of legal reasoning had expanded, and the Muslims of this time followed the same course as had the Companions of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace), except that the legal efforts were represented by the two main schools of thought, that of juridical opinion (ra'y) and that of hadith (n: the former in Iraq, the latter in Medina) because of the methodological factors we previously mentioned when we quoted Ibn Khaldun. '" There were sometimes discussions and sharp disputes between leading representatives of the two schools, but the ordinary people and learners not at the main figures' level of understanding were unconcerned with this disagreement, and followed whomever they wanted or whomever was near to them without anyone censuring them for this (al-Lamadhhabiyya aklltar bid'a tuhad didu al-shari'a al-Islamiyya (y33), 71-73).

 

b3.5 As for the era of the Successors, the scope of ijtihad expanded, and the Muslims of this era followed the same path as the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). However, ijtihad was represented in two main schools of thought: the school of opinion and the school of hadith, due to the factors of ijtihad that we mentioned when we quoted Ibn Khaldun. There were sometimes heated debates and disputes between the leading figures of these two schools of thought, but the common people and the educated, who were less knowledgeable and learned than them, were not concerned with such disputes, as they followed whomever they wished or whoever was close to them without any objection from anyone.  

[Non-affiliation is the most dangerous heresy threatens Islamic law: 71-73].

 

As stated previously, ijtihad “refers to the independent reasoning utilized by jurists, or legal experts to address issues that are not specifically addressed in the usual sources of legal sources of law, such as the Qur’an and the Hadith ....”[13] This definition conflicts with the claim that “the scope of ijtihad expanded.” If the same method of reasoning does not change and is simply passed on the number of those doing legal reasoning expands, the methodology does not expand.

The statement that scholars would have heated debates because they disagree demonstrates that the scholars either did not use the same methodology as claimed, or did so and had conflicting Islamic sources, or worse. They came to conclusions without using Islamic sources just using their own methodologies. This is what creates the concept of non-affiliation as a dangerous heresy.  Itzschak Weisman documented a history of this in his article, “The Controversy over the Law Schools (lā madhhabiyya) in Twentieth Century Syria.” In the article he writes of Nasir al-Din al-Albānī refusing to “adhere to any of the four Sunni schools of law (madhhabs) and urged his students to directly follow the Prophet’s way through authentic hadith.”[14] He believed the law schools created factionalism.[15] This is just one of the Muslim scholars from the1970s who Weisman documents as believing in non-affiliation, which RofT/ Umdat al-Salik considers “the most dangerous heresy.”



[1] Shaikh, A. (2025, May 8). The Companions of Prophet Muhammad (As-Sahaba). Retrieved June 6, 2026, from Seekers Pathway: https://seekerspathway.com/sahabah-companions-of-prophet-muhammad/

[2] Cited in Alalwani: Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari (218AH/833CE), al-Sirah al-Nabhawiyyah, 1st edition, edited by al-Saqqa, al Abyari, and Shalabi 1st edition (Beirut: dar Ihya’al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1994), 2:12.

[3] Alalwani, T. J. (2011). Apostasy in Islam: A Historical Scriptural Analysis. Hernon, VA: InternationalInstitute of Islamic Thought.page 45.

[4] al- Wāhidī, Alī ibn Ahmad, (2008)  Asbāb al-Nuzūl,  TRANSLATED BY Mokrane Guezzou, Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, p. 129 https://www.altafsir.com/Books/Asbab%20Al-Nuzul%20by%20Al-Wahidi.pdf

[8] https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:2827

[9] https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:961

[10] https://sunnah.com/abudawud:2611

[12] https://www.unaoc.org/repository/Esposito_Jihad_Holy_Unholy.pdf

[14] Weismann, I. (2024, April). The Controvery over Law Schools (la madhhabiyya) in Twentieth-Century Syria. Islamic Law and Society, 1-28.

page 2.

[15] ibid